大厚度半刚性基层层间结合技术室内试验研究

文章通过室内直剪试验,对大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层上下层结合状态进行研究,分析了大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层上下层浇筑间隔时间、养生时间及水泥浆用量对层间抗剪性能的影响,并提出了最佳施工工艺。     

卵石层小净距隧道关键参数研究

针对卵石地层小净距隧道围岩整体性与稳定性差、施工中易坍塌、围岩相互扰动大的问题，通过FLAC 3D数值模拟和现场监测，对卵石层小净距隧道左右洞合理净距和先后行洞掌子面安全纵向间距进行了研究。得到如下结论： 1）当净距不大于6 m时，隧道地表沉降槽呈“V形”，沉降最大点位于中夹岩顶部；随着净距大于6 m，隧道拱顶部位地表沉降逐渐超过中夹岩顶部，地表沉降槽呈 “W形”。2）当2洞间净距不大于6 m（约1倍洞跨）时，2洞开挖后围岩压力叠加效应明显，极易发生失稳；当隧道净距大于18 m时，可按分离式隧道进行设计； 3）随着先后行洞间掌子面纵向距离的增加，后行洞施工对先行洞的影响逐渐减少，当纵向间距达到30 m（4.6倍洞跨）时，这种影响基本可以不予考虑。     

基于冻胀变形的基床表层疲劳寿命预测与分析

季节冻土区的铁路建设面临着路基冻胀问题,周期性的循环冻融作用将会加剧路基结构的破坏,从而缩短路基结构的使用寿命。根据基床表层冻胀变形结果,建立基于人工变形边界的应力计算模型,并引用半刚性基层材料疲劳寿命计算公式,分别计算不同水泥添加量下的基床表层的使用寿命。计算结果表明:基床表层的最大拉弯应力随着冻胀波长的不断增大和冻胀量的不断减小而呈现增大的趋势,水泥添加量为0、1%、3%、5%时,对应的基床表层冻胀变形所导致的基床表层最大拉弯应力分别为31.2、57.6、69.0、75.1 k Pa;随着水泥添加量的增加,基床表层的使用寿命不断提高,水泥添加量分别为1%、3%、5%时,基床表层的使用寿命相较于不添加水泥的情况分别增加了27%、36%、48%。     

Characteristic flow patterns generated by macrozoobenthic structures

A laboratory flume channel, equipped with an acoustic Doppler flow sensor and a bottom scanning laser, was used for detailed, non-intrusive flow measurements (at 2 cm s^− 1 and 10 cm s^− 1) around solitary biogenic structures, combined with high-resolution mapping of the structure shape and position. The structures were replicates of typical macrozoobenthic species commonly found in the Mecklenburg Bight and with a presumed influence on both, the near-bed current regime and sediment transport dynamics: a worm tube, a snail shell, a mussel, a sand mound, a pit, and a cross-stream track furrow. The flow was considerably altered locally by the different protruding structures (worm tube, snail, mussel and mound). They reduced the horizontal approach velocity by 72% to 79% in the wake zone at about 1–2 cm height, and the flow was deflected around the structures with vertical and lateral velocities of up to 10% and 20% of the free-stream velocity respectively in a region adjacent to the structures. The resulting flow separation (at flow Reynolds number of about 4000 and 20,000 respectively) divided an outer deflection region from an inner region with characteristic vortices and the wake region. All protruding structures showed this general pattern, but also produced individual characteristics. Conversely, the depressions (track and pit) only had a weak influence on the local boundary layer flow, combined with a considerable flow reduction within their cavities (between 29% and 53% of the free-stream velocity). A longitudinal vortex formed, below which a stagnant space was found. The average height affected by the structure-related mass flow rate deficit for the two velocities was 1.6 cm and 1.3 cm respectively (80% of height and 64%) for the protruding structures and 0.6 cm and 0.9 cm (90% and 127% of depth) for the depressions. Marine benthic soft-bottom macrozoobenthos species are expected to benefit from the flow modifications they induce, particularly in terms of food particle capture due to altered particle pathways and residence times, but also for the exchange of gases, solutes and spawn. The present results confirm previous studies on flow interaction effects of various biogenic structures, and they add a deeper level of detail for a better understanding of the fine-scale effects.     

客运专线路基褥垫层施工技术

本文主要介绍哈尔滨至大连铁路客运专线褥垫层施工工艺。     

海上浅覆盖层灌注型嵌岩桩钻孔平台搭设

海上以护筒为依托搭设满铺钻孔平台,进行嵌岩灌注桩施工的工艺应用较广泛,但若施工条件发生变化,则其施工工艺也将随之变化。结合福建大唐宁德电厂煤码头的施工条件,提出"振动锤沉桩—原平台延伸分2层平连稳桩—满铺平台上钻机成孔"施工工艺,成功解决了海上浅覆盖层灌注型嵌岩桩钻孔平台搭设问题,使该工程工期提前,获得良好效益。     

季节性冻土地区客运专线路基基床结构优化

对季节性冻土地区客运专线的路基基床结构进行了优化,通过现场填筑试验证实优化后的路基基床填筑方案,即铺设两布一膜,上覆5 cm中粗砂,再铺设55 cm厚级配碎石达到了检验标准,可在所研究的工程中推广使用。同时提出采用C25纤维混凝土代替原设计8 cm沥青混凝土作为防水层,优化后的防水层在施工操作性和质量保证方面有较大优势。     

半刚性基层顶面处理技术在山区沥青路面中的应用

针对山区公路沥青路面容易出现的层间滑移、开裂等病害,在分析其产生原因的基础上,提出改进半刚性基层混合料级配、严格做好透层油施工、增加下封层等半刚性基层顶面处理技术,经实际应用证明效果良好,值得总结推广。     

对扁平化指挥的思考

随着高科技武器的广泛运用,现代战争表现出快节奏、高速度的特点。战场形势瞬息万变,作战样式转换迅速,有利战机稍纵即逝,因此对作战指挥的实时性和有效性提出了更高的要求。军事领域于是出现了扁平化指挥的概念。扁平化指挥体制强调减少指挥层次,横向上联系紧密,结构上呈现网状。文章简要介绍了扁平化指挥的含义,并从多个方面对扁平化指挥的概念进行了辨析,在此基础上探讨了实现扁平化指挥的方法。     

车身壁板自由阻尼层稳健性优化设计

在车身壁板自由阻尼层的优化设计中,提出了考虑阻尼材料参数不确定性波动的稳健性优化设计方法。首先,在车身防火墙、地板和顶棚等区域全敷阻尼材料;其次,以等效辐射声功率(ERP)为优化目标对阻尼层布局进行拓扑优化并验证优化效果;最后,以阻尼层厚度为随机设计变量,损耗因子和弹性模量为随机变量,质量最小为优化目标,并结合径向基函数(RBF)近似模型、蒙特卡洛模拟(MCS)和序列二次规划算法(SQP)对阻尼层进行6σ稳健性优化设计。结果表明,优化后车身自由阻尼层的总质量减少了50.45%,并且车身结构噪声性能达到了6σ质量水平,实现了保证车身轻量化要求下的阻尼层稳健性优化的目标。